The tumor pathology examination
Pathological examination of the tumor as an extremely important one of the tumor diagnostics. Pathological examination to determine the diagnosis of tumors, as well as the source of organizations such as the nature and scope for the clinical treatment provided an important basis. The tumor pathology examination include:

First, the routine pathological examination

1. Cytology inspection are commonly used in vaginal secretions smears for cervical cancer, lung sputum smears, breast, centrifugal ascites smears after chest or abdominal cavity of the primary or metastatic carcinoma of urine and centrifugal smear after the urinary tract Road tumor, and so on. China's medical workers for the development of esophageal cells taken device (net of esophageal law) esophageal cancer and cardiac examination (positive diagnosis rate of 87.3% to 94.2%). Rubber ball used nasopharyngeal smears, the suction method cell foam and sponge smear method, such as nasopharyngeal secretions taken to check nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the increased rate of positive diagnosis (positive rate of 88% to 92%). Pressure washing the stomach by law to take the stomach contents of gastric cancer screening, so that the positive diagnosis rate has been significantly improved.

2. Biopsy from the body of the lesion removed a small piece Organization (according to different situations can be taken pliers, remove or puncture lessons and other methods) or surgical removal of pathological specimens made to observe the cells and tissues of the changes in the structure to determine the lesion Nature of the pathology to be known as the biopsy (biopsy), referred to as live. This is a common diagnosis of tumors and more accurate. In recent years, due to a variety of endoscopy (such as fiber endoscopy, colonoscopy fiber, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and so on) and diagnostic imaging technologies continue to improve, not only able to observe some form of the appearance of tumors, but also in its accuracy under the guidance of Drawn to further improve the early diagnosis of the positive rate.

Second, to carry out the new inspection methods

1. Immunohistochemical examination immunohistochemical the past 10 years with the rapid development of a new and emerging technologies. It has been widely used cancer research and diagnosis, the principle is the use of antigens and antibodies to detect specific binding response to the Organization of the unknown antigen or antibody, is a major tumor-associated antigen (tumor antigen and the differentiation of embryonic tumor antigen) in order to determine tumor The source of differentiation and to assist in the pathological diagnosis of tumors and differential diagnosis. At present, there are methods commonly used in dyeing peroxidase - anti-peroxidase method, that is, the PAP method (peroxidaseantiperoxidase technique) and avidin - Biotin - peroxidase complex method, that is, the ABC method (avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique). The use of immunohistochemistry can be difficult for many conventional methods to determine the source of the tumor to identify them. For example, detection of intermediate filament cytoskeleton (intermediate filament), the average diameter of 10nm, in the range of between actin and tubulin. There are five types of silk in the middle: the original nerve fibers, GFAP, desmin (desmin), vimentin (vimentin) and keratin (keratin). They have their own characteristics of biochemistry and immunology, and were found in different types of cells, it has a relative specificity can be used to assist in the diagnosis of nerve cells, glial cells, smooth muscle and skeletal muscle, mesenchymal and epithelial The source of tumor cells. The use of hormones and hormone receptor-specific binding, but also on hormone-dependent breast cancer tumors, such as the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor levels determined by immunohistochemistry. Estrogen receptor-positive for the good endocrine treatment, the prognosis is better than receptor-negative patients.

At present, the tumor can be used for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the antibodies have been too numerous to mention. As the experience accumulated in the past that in the diagnosis of certain tumors with specific antibodies is not as a specific. Therefore, the results should be judged in the closely integrated clinical and morphological changes.

2. Electron microscope examination has not yet been found, according to the diagnosis of malignant tumor and the specific ultrastructural changes. Therefore, to identify whether the tumor was benign and malignant tumors and is still mainly rely on light microscope. However, in the electron microscope to determine the degree of differentiation of tumor cells, to identify the type of tumor tissue and can play an important role. For example, to identify poorly differentiated cancer and sarcoma; to distinguish between a variety of malignant small round cell tumor, such as neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, malignant lymphoma and small cell undifferentiated carcinoma.